How To Describe Graphs And Charts In Spanish (Describir Gráficos)

If you ever have to present data in Spanish, you don’t want to stand in front of a gráfico /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko/ — graph, chart — and mumble “eh… aquí sube… y luego baja…”.

This guide gives you the key words, sentence patterns, and comparison phrases you need to describe gráficos y tablas /ˈɡɾa.fi.kos i ˈta.βlas/ — graphs and tables — in clear, simple Spanish.

By the end, you’ll be able to:

  • Name the main types of charts
  • Talk about axes, numbers, and percentages
  • Describe increases, decreases, and trends
  • Compare categories and give a short spoken summary of a graph

All with beginner–low-intermediate friendly Spanish you can reuse in class, at work, or in exams.

Quick Primer

Some core words:

  • gráfico /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko/ — graph, chart
  • gráfica /ˈɡɾa.fi.ka/ — graph, chart (also common; often interchangeable with gráfico)
  • tabla /ˈta.βla/ — table
  • eje /ˈe.xe/ — axis
  • tendencia /tenˈden.sja/ — trend

Basic pattern for describing a graph:

El gráfico muestra… /el ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ˈmwes.tɾa/ — The graph shows…
La tabla muestra… /la ˈta.βla ˈmwes.tɾa/ — The table shows…

You’ll reuse that opening line constantly.

Types Of Graphs And Charts In Spanish

Here are the most common chart types you’ll meet.

Spanish | IPA | English
gráfico de barras | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe ˈba.ras/ | bar chart
gráfico de líneas | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe ˈli.ne.as/ | line graph
gráfico circular | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko siɾ.kuˈlaɾ/ | pie chart (general)
gráfico de pastel | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe pasˈtel/ | pie chart (lit. “cake chart”)
diagrama de sectores | /ðjaˈɡɾa.ma ðe sekˈtoɾes/ | pie chart (technical)
tabla de datos | /ˈta.βla ðe ˈða.tos/ | data table
histograma | /is.toˈɡɾa.ma/ | histogram
diagrama de dispersión | /ðjaˈɡɾa.ma ðe ðis.peɾˈsjon/ | scatter plot

Useful starter phrases:

  • El gráfico de barras muestra… — The bar chart shows…
  • En el gráfico de líneas vemos… — In the line graph we see…
  • La tabla de datos presenta… — The data table presents…

Talking About Axes, Numbers, And Percentages

To describe a graph, you need the vocabulary of axes, values, and percentages.

Axes And Labels

Spanish | IPA | English
eje horizontal | /ˈe.xe o.ɾi.sonˈtal/ | horizontal axis (x-axis)
eje vertical | /ˈe.xe βeɾ.tiˈkal/ | vertical axis (y-axis)
eje X | /ˈe.xe ˈekis/ | x-axis
eje Y | /ˈe.xe ˈi.ɣɾje, ˈʝe/ | y-axis (both “i griega” and “ye” are used)
etiqueta | /etiˈke.ta/ | label
categoría | /kateɣoˈɾi.a/ | category
valor | /βaˈloɾ/ | value

Example sentence:

En el eje horizontal tenemos los años y en el eje vertical, el número de estudiantes.
/en el ˈe.xe o.ɾi.sonˈtal teˈne.mos los ˈa.ɲos i en el ˈe.xe βeɾ.tiˈkal el ˈnu.me.ɾo ðe estuðjanˈtes/
On the horizontal axis we have the years, and on the vertical axis, the number of students.

Numbers And Percentages

Spanish | IPA | English
porcentaje | /poɾ.senˈta.xe/ | percentage
por ciento | /poɾ ˈsjɛn.to/ | percent
total | /toˈtal/ | total
promedio | /pɾoˈme.ðjo/ | average
cantidad | /kan.tiˈðað/ | quantity

Examples:

El 40 por ciento de los alumnos…
/el ˈkwa.ɾen.ta poɾ ˈsjɛn.to ðe los aˈlum.nos/
40 percent of the students…

El promedio es de 15 puntos.
/el pɾoˈme.ðjo es ðe ˈkin.se ˈpun.tos/
The average is 15 points.

Describing Trends And Changes

Now for the heart of graph-speak: saying that something goes up, goes down, or stays the same.

Key Verbs For Changes

Spanish | IPA | English
subir | /suˈβiɾ/ | to go up
bajar | /baˈxaɾ/ | to go down
aumentar | /aw.menˈtaɾ/ | to increase
disminuir | /ðiz.mi.nuˈiɾ/ | to decrease
crecer | /kɾeˈseɾ/ | to grow
dispararse | /dis.paˈɾaɾ.se/ | to shoot up / spike
mantenerse estable | /man.teˈneɾ.se esˈta.βle/ | to remain stable
alcanzar un máximo | /al.kanˈsaɾ un ˈmak.si.mo/ | to reach a maximum
alcanzar un mínimo | /al.kanˈsaɾ un ˈmi.ni.mo/ | to reach a minimum

Sentence patterns:

  • X sube / baja. — X goes up / down.
  • X aumenta de 10 a 20. — X increases from 10 to 20.
  • X se mantiene estable. — X stays stable.

Examples:

El número de usuarios aumenta de 10 a 20 entre 2018 y 2020.
/el ˈnu.me.ɾo ðe usu.aˈɾjos aw.menˈta ðe ˈdjes a ˈβein.te ˈen.tɾe ˈdo.smil ðjəˈtʃo i ˈdo.smil ˈβein.te/
The number of users increases from 10 to 20 between 2018 and 2020.

Las ventas se mantienen estables durante todo el año.
/las ˈβen.tas se man.teˈneŋ esˈta.βles ðuˈɾan.te ˈto.ðo el ˈa.ɲo/
Sales remain stable throughout the year.

Adverbs For Speed And Degree

Spanish | IPA | English
rápidamente | /ˈra.pi.ðaˈmen.te/ | quickly
lentamente | /len.taˈmen.te/ | slowly
ligeramente | /li.xe.ɾaˈmen.te/ | slightly
dramáticamente | /ðɾa.ma.ti.kaˈmen.te/ | dramatically
un poco | /un ˈpo.ko/ | a little
mucho | /ˈmu.tʃo/ | a lot

Example:

Los precios suben lentamente al principio y luego aumentan rápidamente.
/los ˈpɾe.sjos ˈsu.βen len.taˈmen.te al pɾinˈsi.pjo i ˈlwe.ɣo aw.menˈtan ˈra.pi.ðaˈmen.te/
Prices go up slowly at first and then increase quickly.

Comparing Categories In A Graph

Graphs love comparisons: more than, less than, almost the same.

Useful Comparison Phrases

Spanish | IPA | English
más que | /mas ke/ | more than
menos que | /ˈme.nos ke/ | less than
el más alto | /el mas ˈal.to/ | the highest
el más bajo | /el mas ˈba.xo/ | the lowest
casi igual | /ˈka.si iˈɣwal/ | almost the same
el doble de | /el ˈdo.βle ðe/ | double
la mitad de | /la miˈtað ðe/ | half of

Examples:

En 2020, el grupo A tiene más ventas que el grupo B.
/en ˈdo.smil ˈβein.te el ˈɡɾu.po ˈa tje.ne mas ˈβen.tas ke el ˈɡɾu.po ˈbe/
In 2020, group A has more sales than group B.

El producto C vende casi igual que el producto D.
/el pɾoˈduk.to ˈθe, ˈse ˈben.de ˈka.si iˈɣwal ke el pɾoˈduk.to ˈde/
Product C sells almost the same as product D.

El grupo A tiene el doble de usuarios que el grupo B.
/el ˈɡɾu.po ˈa ˈtje.ne el ˈdo.βle ðe usu.aˈɾjos ke el ˈɡɾu.po ˈbe/
Group A has double the users of group B.

Describing A Graph Step By Step

Here’s a simple model for describing a graph in Spanish. Imagine a line graph showing the number of students in a Spanish course from 2018 to 2022.

  1. Say what the graph shows.
    El gráfico de líneas muestra el número de estudiantes entre 2018 y 2022.
    /el ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe ˈli.ne.as ˈmwes.tɾa el ˈnu.me.ɾo ðe estuðjanˈtes ˈen.tɾe ˈdo.smil ðjəˈtʃo i ˈdo.smil beinteˈdos/
    The line graph shows the number of students between 2018 and 2022.
  2. Describe the general trend.
    En general, el número de estudiantes aumenta a lo largo del periodo.
    /en xeneˈɾal el ˈnu.me.ɾo ðe estuðjanˈtes aw.menˈta a lo ˈlaɾ.ɣo ðel peˈɾjo.ðo/
    In general, the number of students increases over the period.
  3. Mention one or two key points.
    En 2018 hay 10 estudiantes y en 2022 hay 30. El número se triplica.
    /en ˈdo.smil ðjəˈtʃo aj ˈdjes estuðjanˈtes i en ˈdo.smil beinteˈdos aj ˈtɾen.ta el ˈnu.me.ɾo se tɾiˈpli.ka/
    In 2018 there are 10 students and in 2022 there are 30. The number triples.
  4. Add a detail about speed or stability.
    El aumento es más rápido entre 2020 y 2021.
    /el aw.menˈto es mas ˈɾa.pi.ðo ˈen.tɾe ˈdo.smil ˈβein.te i ˈdo.smil ˈβein.te u.no/
    The increase is faster between 2020 and 2021.

You can reuse this four-step structure for almost any graph:

  1. what it shows, 2) overall trend, 3) key numbers, 4) speed or comparison.

Usage Notes And Common Mistakes

  • Many learners forget articles:
    Say el gráfico, la tabla, el porcentaje, not just gráfico muestra…
  • Watch out for false friends:
    actualmente /aktualˈmen.te/ means “currently”, not “actually”.
  • Don’t mix por ciento and porcentaje:
    • El 20 por ciento de… — 20 percent of…
    • El porcentaje de estudiantes… — The percentage of students…
  • Keep verbs in third person singular or plural when talking about data:
    • Los valores aumentan, el número baja, las ventas se mantienen.

Region Notes

  • Gráfico vs gráfica: both are widely used for “graph/chart”. In many places, gráfico is more common in formal writing, gráfica in everyday speech.
  • Decimal comma vs decimal point: in much of the Spanish-speaking world, decimals use a comma: 3,5 %tres coma cinco por ciento.
  • The basic verbs and patterns (subir, bajar, aumentar, disminuir, mantenerse estable) are understood across regions, so they’re safe choices.

Mini Dialogues

Dialogue 1: In Class, Talking About A Chart

¿Qué muestra el gráfico de barras?
/ke ˈmwes.tɾa el ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe ˈba.ras/
What does the bar chart show?

Muestra el número de estudiantes en cada curso.
/ˈmwes.tɾa el ˈnu.me.ɾo ðe estuðjanˈtes en ˈka.ða ˈkuɾ.so/
It shows the number of students in each course.

En general, el curso B tiene más alumnos que el curso A.
/en xeneˈɾal el ˈkuɾ.so ˈbe ˈtje.ne mas aˈlum.nos ke el ˈkuɾ.so ˈa/
In general, course B has more students than course A.

Dialogue 2: Describing A Trend

¿Cómo evoluciona la línea azul?
/ˈko.mo eβo.luˈsjo.na la ˈli.ne.a aˈsul/
How does the blue line change?

Primero se mantiene estable y luego sube rápidamente después de 2020.
/pɾiˈme.ɾo se man.teˈne esˈta.βle i ˈlwe.ɣo ˈsu.βe ˈɾa.pi.ðaˈmen.te ðesˈpwes ðe ˈdo.smil ˈβein.te/
First it stays stable and then it rises quickly after 2020.

Dialogue 3: Comparing Two Categories

¿Qué pasa con el producto C en comparación con el producto D?
/ke ˈpa.sa kon el pɾoˈduk.to ˈse en kom.paɾaˈsjon kon el pɾoˈduk.to ˈde/
What happens with product C compared to product D?

El producto C tiene casi el doble de ventas que el producto D en 2022.
/el pɾoˈduk.to ˈse ˈtje.ne ˈka.si el ˈdo.βle ðe ˈβen.tas ke el pɾoˈduk.to ˈde en ˈdo.smil beinteˈdos/
Product C has almost double the sales of product D in 2022.

Quick Reference

Spanish | IPA | English
gráfico de barras | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe ˈba.ras/ | bar chart
gráfico de líneas | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko ðe ˈli.ne.as/ | line graph
gráfico circular | /ˈɡɾa.fi.ko siɾ.kuˈlaɾ/ | pie chart
tabla de datos | /ˈta.βla ðe ˈða.tos/ | data table
eje horizontal | /ˈe.xe o.ɾi.sonˈtal/ | horizontal axis
eje vertical | /ˈe.xe βeɾ.tiˈkal/ | vertical axis
porcentaje | /poɾ.senˈta.xe/ | percentage
tendencia | /tenˈden.sja/ | trend
subir | /suˈβiɾ/ | to go up
bajar | /baˈxaɾ/ | to go down
aumentar | /aw.menˈtaɾ/ | to increase
disminuir | /ðiz.mi.nuˈiɾ/ | to decrease
mantenerse estable | /man.teˈneɾ.se esˈta.βle/ | to remain stable
alcanzar un máximo | /al.kanˈsaɾ un ˈmak.si.mo/ | to reach a maximum
más que | /mas ke/ | more than
menos que | /ˈme.nos ke/ | less than
casi igual | /ˈka.si iˈɣwal/ | almost the same

Five-Minute Practice Plan

  1. Template speaking:
    Take any graph (even from a textbook) and say out loud in Spanish: El gráfico muestra… En general… En 2018… En 2022… using the four-step model in this article.
  2. Verb drill:
    Make five short sentences using: subir, bajar, aumentar, disminuir, mantenerse estable. Example: Las ventas bajan en julio.
  3. Comparison practice:
    Write three sentences comparing categories: más que, menos que, casi igual, el doble de, la mitad de.
  4. Axis description:
    Practice this pattern with your own data:
    En el eje horizontal tenemos…, y en el eje vertical, … (years, months, products, etc.).
  5. Mini-dialogue shadowing:
    Read Dialogue 2 out loud three times, then close your eyes and try to repeat the key line: Primero se mantiene estable y luego sube rápidamente…
  6. One-take summary:
    Look at a graph for 30 seconds, then record a 20-second Spanish audio summarizing it using at least two trend verbs and one comparison phrase.

Yak-Style Closing Spark

Once you can describe gráficos in Spanish, you unlock a very grown-up superpower: you’re not just memorizing verbs anymore, you’re explaining real-world data. Whether it’s exam results, TikTok views, or coffee sales, you’ll be able to point at a chart and talk about it calmly in Spanish instead of panicking at the sight of the y-axis.